Lesión fibrótica en cicatriz de mastectomía: ¿estamos ante una recidiva? / Fibrotic lesion in a mastectomy scar: is this a recurrence?

El uso de la radioterapia para el cáncer de mama ha mejorado sustancialmente las tasas de supervivencia para esta enfermedad1;sin embargo, una consecuencia de esto son las complicaciones inducidas por el tratamiento en pacientes que cada vez son máslongevas. Décadas después de la irradiación de la pared torácica, puede desarrollarse una osteomielitis inducida por la radiaciónde inicio muy tardío, causada por osteorradionecrosis2. Es una complicación sumamente infrecuente pero descrita en la literatura. (AU)

The use of radiation therapy for breast cancer has substantially improved survival rates for this disease1; however, one consequenceof this is treatment-induced complications in patients who are increasingly living longer. Decades after chest wall irradiation, verylate-onset radiation-induced osteomyelitis, caused by osteoradionecrosis, can develop2. This is a very rare but a described complication in the literature. (AU)

Cuidados de salud en pacientes mastectomizadas: Revisión bibliográfica / Health care in mastectomized patients: Literature review

Introducción: El cáncer de mama es la neoplasia más frecuente en la mujer tanto en España como a nivel mundial, considerándose un gran problema para la salud pública. El cribado se realiza mediante la mamografía. Actualmente el enfoque terapéutico incluye tratamiento quirúrgico, existiendo la posibilidad de cirugía conservadora o no conservadora o mastectomía. Esta segunda opción fue introducida por Halsted y Meyer como intervención pautada, con bases científicas, en el año 1890. Hoy día sigue realizándose, desencadenando un gran impacto en todos los ámbitos de la vida de la mujer. Objetivo: Establecer los cuidados de salud apropiados para mujeres con cáncer de mama sometidas o en previsión de ser sometidas a una mastectomía, por parte de los profesionales de enfermería. Metodología: Esta revisión bibliográfica siguió el protocolo PRISMA. Los artículos seleccionados fueron únicamente ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA). La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó en las bases de datos Medline, Cinahl y Scopus mediante los términos MeSH “mastectomíy” , “nursing care” y “clincal trial” y el operador boleano “AND”. Se encontraron 20 artículos que cumplían los criterios de inclusión, y fueron transferidos al software Mendeley Desktop. Resultados: Tras una serie de cribados, fueron 9 los artículos incluidos en la revisión bibliográfica. Se midió su calidad metodológica mediante la escala PEDro. Conclusiones: A pesar de la gran incidencia del cáncer de mama, así como de la mastectomía, existen pocos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados publicados. Por tanto, sería interesante profundizar más respecto a este tema en futuras líneas de investigación.(AU)

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most frequent neoplasm in women both in Spain and worldwide, being considered a big problem for public health. Screening is done by a mammogram. Currently, therapy includes surgical treatment which could be breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy. The second option was introduced like a formal procedure by Hasteld and Meyer in 1890. It is still done nowadays, meaning a great impact for women in all fields of their lives. Purpose: Establish the appropriate health care for women with breast cancer who have been undergoing or will be undergoing a mastectomy, by nurses. Material and methods: This systematic review followed the protocol PRISMA. The selected articles were just randomized clinical trials (RCTs). The searching was made in Medline, Cinahl and Scopus databases by the Mesh terms “mastectomy”, “nursing care” and “clinical trial” and the boolean operator “AND”. Twenty articles that included inclusion criteria were found and transferred to Mendeley Desktop software. Outcomes: After articles were narrowed down, nine of them were included in the systematic review. Their methodological quality was measured by the PEDro scale. Conclusion: Despite the high incidence of breast cancer and mastectomy, there are a few published RCTs about that. Therefore, it would be interesting to go deeper into this topic in future lines of research.(AU)

Exercise versus usual care after non-reconstructive breast cancer surgery (UK PROSPER): multicentre randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether a structured exercise programme improved functional and health related quality of life outcomes compared with usual care for women at high risk of upper limb disability after breast cancer surgery. DESIGN: Multicentre, pragmatic, superiority, randomised controlled trial with economic evaluation. SETTING: 17 UK National Health Service cancer centres. PARTICIPANTS: 392 women undergoing breast cancer surgery, at risk of postoperative upper limb morbidity, randomised (1:1) to usual care with structured exercise (n=196) or usual care alone (n=196). INTERVENTIONS: Usual care (information leaflets) only or usual care plus a physiotherapy led exercise programme, incorporating stretching, strengthening, physical activity, and behavioural change techniques to support adherence to exercise, introduced at 7-10 days postoperatively, with two further appointments at one and three months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Disability of Arm, Hand and Shoulder (DASH) questionnaire at 12 months, analysed by intention to treat. Secondary outcomes included DASH subscales, pain, complications, health related quality of life, and resource use, from a health and personal social services perspective. RESULTS: Between 26 January 2016 and 31 July 2017, 951 patients were screened and 392 (mean age 58.1 years) were randomly allocated, with 382 (97%) eligible for intention to treat analysis. 181 (95%) of 191 participants allocated to exercise attended at least one appointment. Upper limb function improved after exercise compared with usual care (mean DASH 16.3 (SD 17.6) for exercise (n=132); 23.7 (22.9) usual care (n=138); adjusted mean difference 7.81, 95% confidence interval 3.17 to 12.44; P=0.001). Secondary outcomes favoured exercise over usual care, with lower pain intensity at 12 months (adjusted mean difference on numerical rating scale -0.68, -1.23 to -0.12; P=0.02) and fewer arm disability symptoms at 12 months (adjusted mean difference on Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast+4 (FACT-B+4) -2.02, -3.11 to -0.93; P=0.001). No increase in complications, lymphoedema, or adverse events was noted in participants allocated to exercise. Exercise accrued lower costs per patient (on average -£387 (€457; $533) (95% confidence interval -£2491 to £1718; 2015 pricing) and was cost effective compared with usual care. CONCLUSIONS: The PROSPER exercise programme was clinically effective and cost effective and reduced upper limb disability one year after breast cancer treatment in patients at risk of treatment related postoperative complications. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN35358984.

Experience in a rehabilitation center for mastectomized women at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the experience lived in an interdisciplinary follow-up care center for mastectomized women at a public university in São Paulo during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: Experience report on the health care provided in the health center for mastectomized women. RESULTS: The care was provided three times a week by an interdisciplinary health team. The mentioned areas that cover the women care in the center: Physical, Psychological, Social Support and Health Education. CONCLUSIONS: The attention by an interdisciplinary team becomes prevalent in the care of mastectomized women, since cancer and its treatment produce various changes in women's lives in the short and long term, so follow-up and support must be biopsychosocial, covering all areas that may be affected, especially during the pandemic.

Effects of Baduanjin on postoperative rehabilitation of patients with breast cancer: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Baduanjin, as an ancient Chinese exercise, is beneficial to both physical and mental health. Moreover, researchers discovered that Baduanjin has effects on the recovery of postoperative breast cancer patients. Yet, nobody focused on the systematic review, which can provide convincing evidence to verify the effect of Baduanjin in breast cancer patients. Therefore, our study will conduct a systematic review to fill in the blank, besides we will offer new evidence for clinical workers. METHODS: PubMed, Embase.com, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, and SinoMed will be used for literature search, retrieve time is up to June 1, 2021. We will include randomized controlled trials that evaluate the effects of Baduanjin on postoperative rehabilitation for breast cancer patients. Two independent researchers will perform study selection and data extraction. The risk of bias will be assessed by the Cochrane bias assessment tool. We will use funnel plot and Egger test to evaluate publication bias. Stata 13.0, as a necessary software, will be used to perform statistical analysis. Also, we will utilize subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses to explore the sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS: The results of this study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. CONCLUSION: Evidence that adequately assesses the effect of Baduanjin in the recovery of breast cancer patients will be confirmed through this systematic review. Our study will offer a guideline for clinical workers, besides we will supply a new way for the rehabilitation of breast cancer patients.

Reconstrucción mamaria poscáncer en el Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología de Cuba / Post-cancer breast reconstruction at the National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology of Cuba

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: El tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer de mama ocasiona secuelas deformantes que repercuten negativamente en las pacientes. La reconstrucción mamaria es la etapa culminante de este tratamiento. En el Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología (INOR) de La Habana, Cuba, se viene realizando con mayor frecuencia este proceder; por lo que nos propusimos caracterizar la reconstrucción mamaria en dicha institución. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio ambispectivo en el Servicio de Cirugía Reconstructiva del Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología de Cuba entre 2013 y 2017. La investigación incluyó 192 pacientes de las que recogimos variables demográficas y oncorreconstructivas. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron una media de 38.4 cirugías anuales con un promedio de edad de las pacientes de 45.3 años. El 56.6% presentó mastectomía de Madden y el 34.4% se reconstruyó con técnicas ahorradoras de tejidos. El carcinoma ductal infiltrante se diagnosticó en 183 mujeres, el 38% presentó un cáncer en estadio II. La reconstrucción inmediata predominó en el 55.5% de las cirugías, en el 48.4% se utilizó la expansión tisular y en el 77.6% no se presentaron complicaciones. El cáncer en estadio III presentó una odds ratio (OR) estadísticamente significativa de 3.04 para las complicaciones posquirúrgicas. CONCLUSIONES: La reconstrucción mamaria en el periodo estudiado se comportó de forma similar a estudios anteriores en el INOR; sin embargo, evidenciamos un aumento de la reconstrucción inmediata con técnicas conservadoras de mama y ahorradoras de piel y un incremento de las pacientes reconstruidas mayores de 50 años. Se presentaron pocas complicaciones y no identificamos factores de riesgo para la recidiva y el fallecimiento. Las pacientes con cáncer en estadio III presentaron un incremento de las complicaciones posquirúrgicas de la reconstrucción mamaria

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Surgical treatment of breast cancer causes deforming sequelae that have a negative impact on patients. Breast reconstruction constitutes the culminating stage of this treatment. At the National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR) of La Habana, Cuba, this procedure has been performed more frequently; therefore, we proposed to characterize breast reconstruction in this institution. METHODS: An ambispective study was carried out in the Reconstructive Surgery Service of the National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology of Cuba from 2013 to 2017, with the aim of characterizing breast reconstruction. The research included 192 patients. Demographic and onco-reconstructive variables were collected. RESULTS: An average of 38.4 surgeries were performed annually with an average age of 45.3 years. A Madden mastectomy was performed in 56.6% and 34.4% were reconstructed with tissue-sparing techniques. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma was diagnosed in 183 women, 38% presented stage II cancer. Immediate reconstruction predominated in 55.5% of the surgeries, tissue expansion was used in 48.4% and in 77.6% there were no complications. Stage III cancer presented a statistically significant odds ratio (OR) of 3.04 for postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Breast reconstruction behaved similarly to previous studies at INOR, however, there was an increase in immediate reconstruction with breast-conserving and skin-sparing techniques, and an increase in reconstructed patients over 50 years of age. There were few complications and no risk factors for recurrence and death were identified

Infección de prótesis mamaria por Haemophilus influenzae / Breast implant infection by Haemophilus influenzae

Presentamos el caso de una paciente con un implante de mama tras reconstrucción mamaria posmastectomía que tiene una infección de la prótesis por Haemophilus influenzae. Acudió a nuestro centro, de urgencia, por infección aguda del implante que obligó a la retirada del mismo. Como antecedente refería infección de vías respiratorias altas resuelta 15 días antes. Hasta donde hemos podido comprobar en la literatura, este es el primer caso descrito de infección de prótesis de mama por Haemophilus influenzae

We present the case of a patient with breast implant for mammary reconstruction after mastectomy, that shows implant infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae. Patient came to our hospital with an acute mammary implant infection that was removed. She only referred a respiratory infection 15 days before. We haven't found nowadays a previous case of breast implant infection associated to Haemophilus influenzae

Nipple Sparing Mastectomy as a Risk-Reducing Procedure for BRCA-Mutated Patients.

Growing numbers of asymptomatic women who become aware of carrying a breast cancer gene mutation (BRCA) mutation are choosing to undergo risk-reducing bilateral mastectomies with immediate breast reconstruction. We reviewed the literature with the aim of assessing the oncological safety of nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) as a risk-reduction procedure in BRCA-mutated patients. Nine studies reporting on the incidence of primary breast cancer post NSM in asymptomatic BRCA mutated patients undergoing risk-reducing bilateral procedures met the inclusion criteria. NSM appears to be a safe option for BRCA mutation carriers from an oncological point of view, with low reported rates of new breast cancers, low rates of postoperative complications, and high levels of satisfaction and postoperative quality of life. However, larger multi-institutional studies with longer follow-up are needed to establish this procedure as the best surgical option in this setting.

Physical Functionality of the Upper Limb after Breast Cancer Surgery in Southern Brazilian Survivors: Cross-Sectional Study / Funcionalidade do Membro Superior após a Cirurgia do Câncer de Mama em Sobreviventes do Sul do Brasil: Estudo de Corte Transversal / Función Física de la Extremidad Superior Después de una Cirugía de Cáncer de Mama en Sobrevivientes del Sur de Brasil: Estudio Transversal

Introduction: Surgical treatment after the diagnosis of breast cancer can lead to several consequences of the survivor's upper limb. Objective: Analyze the physical function of the upper limb after breast cancer surgery in Southern Brazilian survivors. Method: 82 breast cancer survivors (55±10 years) receiving hormone therapy were included. A questionnaire for general information, pain (Visual Analogue Scale), and upper limb functionality (DASH) were applied, followed by physical tests; the shoulder range of motion (goniometer), strength (dynamometer), proprioception (kinesimeter) and arm volume (perimeter of the arm). Results: No differences were found for any variable of physical function in relation to mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery. However, better scores of strength and the shoulder range of motion were found for the non-surgery arm. Linear regression demonstrated a relation between pain, strength, range of motion, proprioception, and arm volume with the disabilities of the upper limb, and when adjusted by surgery modality, shoulder range of motion, arm volume, and proprioception maintained significantly. Conclusion: Breast cancer survivors presented physical disabilities on the upper limb after surgery, regardless of the modality of surgery. Results elucidate the need for an efficient post-treatment program to prevent poor physical function after breast cancer surgery and provide better daily activities to these women.

Introdução: O tratamento cirúrgicodo câncer de mama pode levar a consequências físicas no membro superior de sobreviventes. Objetivo: Analisar a funcionalidade do membro superior após cirurgia de câncer de mama em sobreviventes do Sul do Brasil. Método: Foram avaliadas82 sobreviventes de câncer de mama (55±10 anos) em tratamento com hormonioterapia. Foi aplicado um questionário para informações gerais, dor (Escala Visual Analógica) e funcionalidade do membro superior (DASH), seguido de testes físicos; amplitude de movimento (goniômetro), força (dinamômetro), propriocepção (cinesiômetro) e volume do braço (perímetro do braço). Resultados: Não foram encontradas diferenças para nenhuma das variáveis de funcionalidade em relação à mastectomia ou cirurgia conservadora de mama. No entanto, melhores escores de força e amplitude de movimento foram apresentados no membro contralateral à cirurgia. A regressão linear demonstrou uma relação entre dor, força, amplitude de movimento, propriocepção e volume do braço com as disfunções do membro superior e, quando ajustada pela modalidade de cirurgia, apenas a amplitude de movimento, volume do braço e propriocepção mantiveram--se significativamente. Conclusão: A cirurgia do câncer de mama pode levar à pior funcionalidade no membro superior, independentemente da modalidade da cirurgia. Os resultados elucidam a necessidade de um programa eficiente de pós-tratamento para prevenir as consequências na função física do membro superior após cirurgia de câncer de mama e proporcionar melhora nas atividades de vida diária nessa população.

Introducción: El tratamiento quirúrgico después del diagnóstico de cáncer de seno puede conducir a varias consecuencias de la extremidad superior de la sobreviviente. Objetivo: Analizar la función física de la extremidad superior después de una cirugía de cáncer de mama en sobrevivientes del sur de Brasil.Método: Se incluyeron 82 sobrevivientes de cáncer de mama (55±10 años) que recibieron terapia hormonal. Se aplicó un cuestionario para información general, dolor (escala analógica visual) y funcionalidad de la extremidad superior (DASH), seguido de pruebas físicas; el rango de movimiento (goniómetro), fuerza (dinamómetro), propiocepción (kinesímetro) y volumen del brazo (perímetro del brazo). Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias para ninguna variable de la función física con respecto a someterse a una mastectomía o cirugía conservadora de seno. Sin embargo, se encontraron mejores puntajes de fuerza y rango de movimiento para el brazo no quirúrgico. La regresión lineal demostró una relación entre el dolor, la fuerza, el rango de movimiento, la propiocepción y el volumen del brazo con las discapacidades de la extremidad superior, y cuando se ajustó por la modalidad quirúrgica, el rango de movimiento, el volumen del brazo y la propiocepción se mantuvieron significativamente. Conclusión: Las sobrevivientes de cáncer de mama presentaron discapacidades físicas en la extremidad superior después de la cirugía, independientemente de la modalidad de la cirugía. Los resultados aclaran la necesidad de un programa de postratamiento eficiente para prevenir la mala función física después de la cirugía de cáncer de mama y proporcionar mejores actividades diarias a estas mujeres.

Experience in a rehabilitation center for mastectomized women at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic / Experiência em centro de reabilitação de mulheres mastectomizadas no início da pandemia do COVID-19 / Experiencia en centro de rehabilitación de mujeres mastectomizadas al inicio de la pandemia por COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective Describe the experience lived in an interdisciplinary follow-up care center for mastectomized women at a public university in São Paulo during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic Method Experience report on the health care provided in the health center for mastectomized women. Results The care was provided three times a week by an interdisciplinary health team. The mentioned areas that cover the women care in the center: Physical, Psychological, Social Support and Health Education. Conclusions The attention by an interdisciplinary team becomes prevalent in the care of mastectomized women, since cancer and its treatment produce various changes in women's lives in the short and long term, so follow-up and support must be biopsychosocial, covering all areas that may be affected, especially during the pandemic.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever a experiência vivida em um centro de acompanhamento interdisciplinar de mulheres mastectomizadas de uma universidade pública de São Paulo durante o início da pandemia COVID-19. Método Relato de experiência sobre cuidados de saúde prestados no centro de saúde para mulheres mastectomizadas. Resultados Os atendimentos foram realizados três vezes por semana por uma equipe interdisciplinar de saúde. São mencionadas as áreas que abrangem o atendimento à mulher no centro: Acompanhamento físico, psicológico, social e Educação em saúde. Conclusão A atenção por uma equipe interdisciplinar torna-se predominante no cuidado de mulheres mastectomizadas, pois o câncer e seu tratamento produzem diversas mudanças na vida das mulheres, a curto e longo prazo. Portanto o acompanhamento deve ser biopsicossocial, cobrindo todas as áreas que podem ser afetadas, especialmente durante a pandemia.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir la experiencia vivida en un centro de atención interdisciplinaria de seguimiento a mujeres mastectomizadas de una universidad pública de Sao Paulo durante el inicio de la pandemia de COVID-19. Método Relato de experiencia sobre las atenciones de salud brindadas en el centro de salud para mujeres mastectomizadas. Resultados Las atenciones fueron realizadas tres veces por semana por un equipo interdisciplinario de salud. Se mencionan las áreas que abarcan la atención de las mujeres en el centro: Acompañamiento físico, Psicológico, Social y la Educación en Salud. Conclusión La atención por un equipo interdisciplinario se torna imperante en el cuidado de mujeres mastectomizadas, ya que el cáncer y su tratamiento producen diversos cambios en la vida de la mujer, a corto y largo plazo, por lo que el seguimiento y acompañamiento debe ser biopsicosocial, abarcando todas las áreas que pueden verse afectadas, especialmente durante la pandemia.

Micropigmentación de pezón y aréola tras mastectomía / Micropigmentation of the nipple and areola after mastectomy

No disponible

Assistência de enfermagem em núcleo de reabilitação: o papel do enfermeiro / Nursing care in the rehabilitation center: the nurse's role / Atención de enfermería en un centro de rehabilitación: el papel de enfermería

Objetivo: reconhecer como mastectomizadas descrevem e compreendem os cuidados de enfermagem que recebem em um núcleo de reabilitação. Método: estudo descritivo, qualitativo; realizado em um núcleo de reabilitação. Participaram 26 mastectomizadas, com 18 anos ou mais, que frequentavam o serviço há um ano, no mínimo, e pelo menos uma vez ao mês. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas abertas, após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: surgiram quatro categorias: reconhecendo a enfermagem e sua importância no cuidado em saúde de mulheres com câncer de mama; a enfermagem organizando e planejando as atividades assistenciais, sociais e de lazer; a enfermagem liderando o grupo verbal e a enfermagem cuidando e acolhendo. Conclusão: As participantes reconhecem a enfermagem como indispensável na equipe multiprofissional que lhes presta assistência; que são acolhidas e assistidas de forma satisfatória, tanto física como emocionalmente e que isso se deve à organização e gerenciamento de todas as atividades por uma enfermeira.

Objective: to recognize how women describe and understand the nursing care they receive in a rehabilitation center following mastectomy. Method: this qualitative, descriptive study was conducted at a rehabilitation center, with 26 patients, aged 18 or over, who had undergone mastectomy and attended the service at least once a month for at least one year. Data were collected by open interviews, after ethics commission approval. Results: four categories emerged: recognizing nursing and its importance in health care for women with breast cancer; nurses organizing and planning care, social and leisure activities; nurses leading the verbal group; and nurses providing care and comfort. Conclusion: The participants recognized that nursing was indispensable to the multi-professional team providing care, that they were welcomed and assisted satisfactorily, both physically and emotionally, and that this was due to a nurse's organizing and managing all activities.

Objetivo: reconocer cómo las mujeres describen y comprenden los cuidados de enfermería que reciben en un centro de rehabilitación tras una mastectomía. Método: estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, realizado en un centro de rehabilitación, con 26 pacientes, de 18 o más años, que se habían sometido a mastectomía y acudieron al servicio al menos una vez al mes durante al menos un año. Los datos se recopilaron mediante entrevistas abiertas, después de la aprobación de la comisión de ética. Resultados: surgieron cuatro categorías: reconocimiento de la enfermería y su importancia en la atención de la salud de las mujeres con cáncer de mama; enfermeras que organizan y planifican actividades asistenciales, sociales y de ocio; enfermeras que lideran el grupo verbal; y enfermeras que brindan atención y comodidad. Conclusión: Los participantes reconocieron que la enfermería era indispensable para el equipo multiprofesional que brindaba los cuidados, que fueron recibidos y atendidos de manera satisfactoria, tanto física como emocionalmente, y que esto se debía a que una enfermera organizaba y gestionaba todas las actividades.

Experiencia con colgajos toracoabdominales en reconstrucción mamaria. Clasificación personal y variantes / Experience with thoracoabdominal flaps in breast reconstruction. Personal classification and variants

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: Los colgajos toracoabdominales permiten el cierre de defectos torácicos con una menor morbilidad y dificultad técnica respecto a los colgajos a distancia. En cirugía recontructiva oncológica mamaria se utilizaron primariamente como colgajos fasciocutáneos para pacientes con cáncer de mama localmente avanzado (T3 y T4) que requieren grandes resecciones de piel y necesitan una cubierta rápida y eficaz del defecto torácico. En los últimos años han resurgido como opción terapéutica para solucionar complicaciones postquirúrgicas por isquemia y necrosis cutánea con exposición de expansores o implantes mamarios. El aumento de la mastectomía reductora de riesgo ha llevado a zonas de necrosis cutáneas pequeñas que requieren colgajos de vecindad para solucionar la complicación. Es en esta última indicación donde estos colgajos tienen una aplicación óptima. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Describimos el colgajo toracoabdominal como una técnica reconstructiva de gran utilidad para cubrir defectos cutáneos en cirugía mamaria y presentamos una clasificación útil para clarificar sus indicaciones, extraída de nuestra experiencia con dichos colgajos. RESULTADOS: Elaboramos una clasificación didáctica de los colgajos toracoabdominales, presentamos un caso clínico de cada modelo de colgajo, y recopilamos nuestra casuística. CONCLUSIONES: Destacamos el uso específico en complicaciones de cirugías de reconstrucción mamaria de los colgajos toracoabdominales como alternativa que aporta tejidos de igual coloración, fácil de realizar, con cierre directo de la zona donante por lo general y con un pedículo vascular fiable. Además, aportamos una clasificación propia

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The thoracoabdominal flap allows the closure of thoracic defects with a lower morbidity and technical difficulty compared to remote flaps. In mammary oncological reconstructive surgery, they were primarily used as fasciocutaneous flaps for patients with locally advanced breast cancer (T3 and T4) that require large skin resections and a fast and effective coverage of the thoracic defect. In recent years they have resurged as a therapeutic option to solve postoperative complications due to ischemia and skin necrosis with exposure of expanders or breast implants.The increase in the practice of risk-reducing mastectomy has led to areas of small skin necrosis that require local flaps to solve the complication. It is in this last indication where these flaps have an optimal application. METHODS: In this study, the thoracoabdominal flap is presented as a very useful reconstructive technique to cover skin defects in breast surgery. A classification is presented in order to clarify these fasciocutaneous flaps as well as our experience with theme. RESULTS: We elaborate a didactic classification of thoracoabdominal flaps, presenting a clinical case of each flap model, and compiling our casuistry. CONCLUSIONS: We highlight the specific use in complications of breast reconstruction surgeries of thoracoabdominal flaps as an alternative that provides tissues of the same color, easy to perform, with direct closure of the donor area and with a reliable vascular pedicle. In addition, we provide our own classification

Application of a mind-body tool in a rural population to improve post-operative outcomes in women with breast cancer: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women in the United States. While improvements in treatment have improved mortality, they can negatively impact quality of life (QOL). Mindfulness-based programs are low-cost interventions shown to improve QOL. The study aim was to evaluate a well-validated mind-body program - determining its feasibility, acceptability, and improvement in symptomatology in post-operative breast cancer patients in a rural setting. METHODS: We recruited patients during post-operative appointments following mastectomy or lumpectomy for breast cancer. Each participant completed 3 surveys before and after the intervention: (8 PROMIS-29, PROMIS -Global QOL, and MAAS (Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale). The intervention was an 8-week course: "The Stress Management and Resiliency Training (SMART) - Relaxation Response and Resiliency Program (3RP)", which has been well-validated for the treatment of various clinical problems. Feasibility, acceptability, quantitative survey data, and demographics were analyzed. RESULTS: SMART-3RP was highly acceptable with greater than >80% completion rate. 23% of the invited participants enrolled, although over 70% of patients approached (34/48) expressed interest. The principal recruitment deterrent was scheduling. Sleep and anxiety/depression were improved in participants although not significantly due to small sample size. We also demonstrated improving trends in other QOL measures. CONCLUSIONS: This small pilot study proved feasibility, showed excellent acceptability, and demonstrated a benefit in post-operative breast cancer patients. Even with our small sample size, we found trends in improvement in certain QOL measures which emphasizes SMART-3RP's potential effectiveness. A large-scale randomized controlled trial is warranted.

Capacidade pulmonar e funcional no pós-operatório de mulheres submetidas à mastectomia: série de casos / Pulmonary and functional capacity in the post-surgery of women submitted to mastectomy: preliminary results

Mulheres submetidas à cirurgia de mastectomia podem apresentar algumas complicações, dentre elas, alterações respiratórias e prejuízo funcional. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a cinemática da parede torácica e a capacidade funcional no pós-operatório de pacientes mastectomizadas sem tratamento neoadjuvante e adjuvante associados. Foram avaliadas 4 mulheres no grupo mastectomia (GM) e 4 mulheres no grupo controle (GC). Todas as participantes foram submetidas aos procedimentos de avaliação antropométrica, função pulmonar, força muscular respiratória, cinemática da parede torácica e capacidade funcional. O GM também foi submetido à avaliação de inspeção e palpação torácica. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. Foi observado que o GM apresentou menor variação de volume corrente da parede torácica, com delta de variação de 22,03% a menos que o GC, sendo a maior redução de volume corrente evidenciada no compartimento de caixa torácica pulmonar, com redução de 41,57% em relação ao GC. O GM não apresentou alterações de função pulmonar, força muscular respiratória e capacidade funcional, apresentando valores de normalidade nessas avaliações. Portanto, mulheres submetidas ao procedimento cirúrgico de mastectomia, sem tratamento neoadjuvante e adjuvante associados, não apresentaram comprometimento da função pulmonar, da força muscular respiratória e da capacidade funcional, contudo foi verificado redução do volume pulmonar na região do procedimento cirúrgico.

Women submitted to a mastectomy surgery may present some complications, among them, respiratory changes and functional impairment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the chest wall kinematics and functional capacity in the postoperative period of mastectomized patients without associated adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment. A total of four (4) women in the mastectomy group (MG) and four (4) in the control group (CG) were evaluated. All participants were submitted to the procedures of anthropometric evaluation, pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, chest wall kinematics and functional capacity. Patients in MG were also submitted to an inspection and palpation evaluation of the chest and breasts. Database was analyzed using descriptive statistics. It was observed that the MG presented a smaller variation of tidal volume of the chest wall, with a variation delta of 22.03% less than CG, with the largest reduction in tidal volume evidenced in the pulmonary chest cavity compartment, with a reduction of 41.57% when compared to CG. The MG did not present alterations of pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength and functional capacity, presenting values of normality in these evaluations. Therefore, women submitted to the surgical procedure of mastectomy without associated neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment did not present any impairment of pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength and functional capacity. However, a reduction could be observed in the pulmonary volume in the region of the surgical procedure.

Undergarment needs after breast cancer surgery: a key survivorship consideration.

An important aspect of breast cancer survivorship is finding comfortable undergarments that work for women's post-treatment bodies. Patients who undergo mastectomy, including both those who do and do not receive reconstruction, need bras that can accommodate new breast shape, size, and feel, as well as scarring and skin sensitivity. Our research with breast cancer patients and the literature reveal that ready-to-wear bras are inadequate for the variety of patients' needs, and many women lack support and guidance to make decisions about undergarments after cancer. This commentary describes a major quality-of-life challenge for breast cancer survivors and makes recommendations for future research. Healthcare providers need more guidance and resources to be able to help their patients prepare for this aspect of survivorship. New technologies, such as biomechanical modeling, 3D body scanning, and manufacturing techniques, should be pursued in collaboration with patients, healthcare providers, and clothing designers to ease this burden for breast cancer patients.

Immediate and delayed autologous abdominal microvascular flap breast reconstruction in patients receiving adjuvant, neoadjuvant or no radiotherapy: a meta-analysis of clinical and quality-of-life outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Effects of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) on autologous breast reconstruction (BRR) are controversial regarding surgical complications, cosmetic appearance and quality of life (QOL). This systematic review evaluated these outcomes after abdominal free flap reconstruction in patients undergoing postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy (PMRT), preoperative radiotherapy (neoadjuvant radiotherapy) and no radiotherapy, aiming to establish evidence-based optimal timings for radiotherapy and BRR to guide contemporary management. METHODS: The study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42017077945). Embase, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, CENTRAL, Science Citation Index and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched (January 2000 to August 2018). Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using GRADE and Cochrane's ROBINS-I respectively. RESULTS: Some 12 studies were identified, involving 1756 patients (350 PMRT, 683 no radiotherapy and 723 neoadjuvant radiotherapy), with a mean follow-up of 27·1 (range 12·0-54·0) months for those having PMRT, 16·8 (1·0-50·3) months for neoadjuvant radiotherapy, and 18·3 (1·0-48·7) months for no radiotherapy. Three prospective and nine retrospective cohorts were included. There were no randomized studies. Five comparative radiotherapy studies evaluated PMRT and four assessed neoadjuvant radiotherapy. Studies were of low quality, with moderate to serious risk of bias. Severe complications were similar between the groups: PMRT versus no radiotherapy (92 versus 141 patients respectively; odds ratio (OR) 2·35, 95 per cent c.i. 0·63 to 8·81, P = 0·200); neoadjuvant radiotherapy versus no radiotherapy (180 versus 392 patients; OR 1·24, 0·76 to 2·04, P = 0·390); and combined PMRT plus neoadjuvant radiotherapy versus no radiotherapy (272 versus 453 patients; OR 1·38, 0·83 to 2·32, P = 0·220). QOL and cosmetic studies used inconsistent methodologies. CONCLUSION: Evidence is conflicting and study quality was poor, limiting recommendations for the timing of autologous BRR and radiotherapy. The impact of PMRT and neoadjuvant radiotherapy appeared to be similar.

ANTECEDENTES: En pacientes sometidas a una reconstrucción mamaria (breast reconstruction, BRR) con tejido autólogo se discuten los efectos de la radioterapia post-mastectomía (post-mastectomy radiotherapy, PMRT) en las complicaciones quirúrgicas, el resultado estético y la calidad de vida (quality of life, QOL). Esta revisión sistemática evaluó dichos resultados tras una reconstrucción mamaria con un colgajo libre abdominal en pacientes tratadas con PMRT, radioterapia preoperatoria (Neo RT) y sin radioterapia (RT), a fin de establecer los momentos óptimos de la RT y BRR basados en la evidencia, como guía del tratamiento actual. MÉTODOS: El estudio se registró en la base de datos PROSPERO (CRD42017077945). Se realizaron búsquedas en Embase, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, CENTRAL, Science Citation Index y Clinicaltrials.gov (enero de 2000-agosto de 2018). La calidad de los estudios y el riesgo de sesgo se evaluaron mediante las herramientas GRADE y ROBINS-I de la Cochrane, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 12 estudios que incluían 1.756 pacientes (350 PMRT, 683 sin RT y 723 Neo RT), con una mediana de seguimiento de 27,1 meses (rango 12,0-54,0) para PMRT, 16,8 meses (1,0-50,3) para Neo RT y 18,3 meses (1,0-48,7) para sin RT. Se incluyeron tres cohortes prospectivas y nueve retrospectivas. No hubo estudios aleatorizados. Los estudios comparativos de RT evaluaron la PMRT (n = 5) y la Neo RT (n = 4). Todos los estudios fueron de baja calidad, con riesgos de sesgo de moderados a graves. Las complicaciones graves fueron similares entre los grupos: PMRT (n = 92) versus sin RT (n = 141), razón de oportunidades (odds ratio, OR) 2,35, i.c. del 95% 0,63-8,81), P = 0,200; Neo RT (n = 180) versus no RT (n = 392) (OR 1,24, i.c. del 95% 0,76-2,04), P = 0,390; o RT combinada (PMRT y neoadyuvante) (n = 272) versus no RT (n = 453) (OR 1,38, i.c. del 95% 0,83-2,32), P = 0,220. Los estudios de calidad de vida y de resultados estéticos utilizaron metodologías poco consistentes. CONCLUSIÓN: La evidencia es contradictoria y la calidad de los estudios muy pobre, hechos que limitan las posibles recomendaciones para el momento de la BRR con tejido autólogo y la RT. El impacto de la PMRT o la Neo RT parecen ser similares.